In the making of compost from garden, yard, kitchen, and other organic waste materials, composting microorganisms are most active in warm temperature environments with sufficient air and moisture. Moisture, air, and temperature balances are important. Lack of air will prevent microorganism activities. Low temperatures slow activities. Temperatures that are too high, much from the microorganisms themselves, can slow activities. Dry conditions could cause microorganism deactivations. Overly damp conditions result in fermentation.
There are many methods used to reduce the composting time from the months or years in nature to a few weeks. These may consist of simply piling material into a large heap on the ground or placing them into containers or well-ventilated bins. Lids or tarps are used to cover the material to prevent moisture loss and the washing away of nutients from rainstorms. The usually-heavy damp pile has to be turned regularly to mix material, distribute moisture, aereate, and optimize temperatures. To lessen the difficulty in turning heavy compost, tumblers are common solutions used to turn and mix the material.
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